Valley civilization and reject

Civilization of Mesopotamia of the greatest civilizations has left us some great monuments
'Mesopotamia or Mesopotamia (Mesopotamia) (in Greek Μεσοποταμία, "Messo Po otamea ", meaning Mesopotamia) Mesopotamia is located in southwestern Asia were among the first centers of civilization in the world. It is located now in Iraq between the Tigris and the Euphrates. The most famous are the civilizations of Sumer and Babylon, and I barely, Assyrians, Chaldeans, which originated from Iraq

With a booming civilizations in Mesopotamia and in times of simultaneous and successive been the occupation of land adjacent ranking the east parts of Iran and specifically Elam (now the province of Khuzestan, known as Arab Stan) and occupied the west and Syria to reach Palestine, where the Babylonian exile in the reign of Nebuchadnezzar. After the death of Nebuchadnezzar passed the Mesopotamia civilization in the era of decadence while arisen forces civilization Persians Vtm occupation of Babylon and beyond Babylon by Cyrus and become Kotaisfon (now known as the cities) southeast of Baghdad, the capital of the horse came up the Islamic conquest at the hands of Omar bin al-Khattab. With the passage of the years under the banner of Islam, Baghdad became the capital of the Abbasid caliphate, which was considered the golden generation of Islam. In 1919, Iraq announced the emergence of self-rule to the state after independence from Ottoman rule

The need for defense and irrigation of the motives that have helped shape the first civilization in Mesopotamia, by inhabitants of Mesopotamia, ancient towns and they have fenced and D channels. After 6000 BC. M. Appeared settlements which became cities in the fourth millennium BC. M. The oldest human settlements in the Uruk Tel alliance in Syria, where he was held by the temples of brick and mud were decorated Bmchgullac metal, stones and invented the cuneiform writing

The Sumerians are responsible for the culture of the first there and then spread north to the Upper Euphrates and the most important Sumerian cities that have arisen and then Yazidi izd Maybe this is due to the Yazidi religion is currently in Iraq, Kish, Larsa, Ur and ethics. In the year 2330 BC. M. They seized the Acadians from Semitic peoples were living in a country between Alnehrbn was the first king Sargon (2335 BC. M. - 2,279 BC. M.) Founded the kingdom of Akkad and was Akkadian language replaced Sumerian. Acadians continued to rule until the drop Jawtyon 2218 BC. M. They are tribes of the eastern hills. After a period appeared to Covenant, the third city of Ur and the rule of most of Mesopotamia

Then came the Elamites and destroyed Ur in 2000 BC. M. And took control of most ancient cities did not develop until something came of Hammurabi of Babylon, and united the country for a few years late in his reign. But Amuriyah family came to power in Assyria in the north. Enable the Hittites from Turkey dropped from the State of the Babylonians Iakbhm Kushites immediately for a period of four centuries. Then seized by Almitaon (anti-Semitic people called them often Hurion name or Alihuriaon) coming from the Caucasus was called and remained as Mesopotamia for several centuries. But after the year 1700 BC. M. Deployed in large numbers across the north in all Anatolia. There were state of Assyria in northern Mesopotamia and the kingdoms of the North East, defeated Mitanni, and Assyrians captured the city of Babylon in 1225 BC. M. They reached the Mediterranean in 1100 BC. M.

 Mesopotamia, including the land between the Tigris and the Euphrates, both of which have their headwaters in the mountains of Armenia in modern Turkey. Both rivers fed by many tributaries, and the whole water system feeding the river a vast mountainous region. Roads in Mesopotamia usually follow the Euphrates because the banks of the Tigris River are usually severe and difficult. Semi-arid climate of the region with over a vast desert in the north, which gives way to the zone box, 6,000 miles of swamps, lakes and mud flats, and the banks of reeds in the south. In the far south of the Euphrates and Tigris unite and pour in the Persian Gulf.

Arid environment, ranging from the northern areas of rain-fed agriculture, to the south of where irrigated agriculture is necessary if the amount of excess energy returned on energy invested can be obtained. Irrigation with the help of a high water table, and melting snow from the high peaks of the Zagros Mountains and the Armenian highlands, the source of the Tigris and the Euphrates, who give an area its name. Usefulness of irrigation depends on the ability to mobilize enough work for the construction and maintenance of canals, and this, since ancient Alozl, has helped in the development of urban settlements and centralized systems of political power.

Agriculture in all parts of the region had been completed by grazing the Bedouin, where the transfer Bedouin Saknua tents herds of sheep and goats (and later beauty) of pasture river in the dry summer months, and out to pasture land monsoon on the edge of the desert in the rainy season in winter. Region generally lack the construction of stone, precious metals, timber, and therefore historically relied on long-distance trade of agricultural products to secure these materials from remote areas. In the marsh area in the south of the country, found a complex culture based on fishing, and water since prehistoric times, and added to the cultural mix.

Crashes patrol in the cultural system and signed a number of reasons. The demand for labor has from time to time to increase the number of people that push the limits of endurance capacity of the environment, and the consequences of a period of climatic instability, the collapse of central government and the population decline can occur. Instead, the military weakness of the invasion from marginal hill tribes or nomadic pastoralists has led to periods of trade collapse and neglect of irrigation systems. Equal amount, attracting a central tendencies between the US meant that the central authority for the whole region, when imposed, have tended to be ephemeral, fragmented and local power to regional units smaller or tribal. These trends have continued to the present day in Iraq.

The oldest written language known in Mesopotamia was Sumerian, a language isolated monolithic. Dialects of Semitic speaking in Mesopotamia in early with Sumerian. Later a Semitic language, Akkadian, came to be the dominant language, although Sumerian was retained for administrative purposes, religious, literary, and scientific. Different varieties of Akkadian were used until the end of the Babylonian second. Then became the Aramaic, which had become common in Mesopotamia, the regional administration official language of the Achaemenid Persian empire. Halt the use of Akkadian, but both of the Sumerian, Akkadian was still used in temples for a few centuries.

 Early Mesopotamia (around mid 4th millennium BC) invented cuneiform writing. Cuneiform literally means "wedge-shaped", due to the party of the triangle used to compress the pen marks on wet clay. Standardized form of each cuneiform sign appear that the evolution of the illustrations. The first ones (7 panels old) come from any - Anna very sacred courtyard dedicated to the goddess Inanna in Uruk, Level III, from a building described as a temple (c) of Hvar 

Symbolic system of early cuneiform took many years to master. Therefore, only a limited number of individuals were appointed clerks are trained to read and write. It was not until the adoption of use on a wide range of text tomography under the rule of Sargon that large parts of the population of Mesopotamia, they're not illiterate. Huge archives of texts were recovered from archaeological contexts of printing the old Babylonian schools, of which literacy published ..

 At the time of Babylon, there were libraries in most towns and temples; such as Sumerian is an old saying: "He who would excel in school clerks must wake up with the dawn. " Women as men have learned to read and write, and Babylon High, to ensure that the Sumerian Marafpllgp extinct, and the clips are complex and intense ..

 Much of the Babylonian literature was translated from Sumerian origins, and the language of religion and the law continued a long sheets of the ancient language of Sumer. Vocabulary, grammar, and translation between the lines equipped for the use of students, as well as comments on the ancient texts and interpretations of ambiguous words and phrases. Cross-Sectional words of a language was all arranged and the title of, and detailed lists of which were drawn

 There are many Babylonian literary works which Anoaneha known to us. One of the most famous of these is an epic of Gilgamesh, in twelve books, translated from the original Sumerian by O - Liq - Aoninni, and arranged on the basis of astronomical. Each section contains a story of adventure and one in the function of Gilgamesh. The whole story is the product of a compound, it is likely that some of the stories an added artificially to form the central

Babylonian astronomers were very interested in studying the stars and the sky, and most of them can predict the pre-coup solar and lunar eclipses. I think people that everything had a purpose in astronomy. Most of these related to religion and omens. Astronomers in Mesopotamia may have put a timetable of 12 months based on the cycles of the moon. They divided the year into two seasons: summer and winter. The emergence of astronomy, as well as astrology Iork this time

During the eighth and seventh century BC, Babylonian astronomers develop a new approach to astronomy. Altti began studying philosophy dealing with the nature of the ideal of the early universe, and began work on the internal logic within their predictive planetary systems. This was an important contribution to astronomy and philosophy of science, and therefore some scholars have suggested this new approach to the first scientific revolution, this new approach to astronomy was adopted and further developed in astronomy in Greek and Hellenistic

 In time Greyhound and Barthe, astronomical reports were of a scientific nature accurately; is uncertain how many previously developed their knowledge and their methods have been developed. Babylonian development of the methods to predict the motion of planets is a key link in the history of astronomy.
Astronomical Babylonian only known that the support form the sun - a central planetary motion was Seleucus of Seleucia (190 BC Seleucus is known from the writings of Plutarch. Is supported the heliocentric theory as the earth revolves on its axis, which in turn revolves around the sun. According to Plutarch, Seleucus system proved to the sun - central, but it is not known what are the arguments used by the

Babylonian astronomy was the basis for most of what has been done in astronomy Greek, Hellenistic, and Indian astrology, classical, in astronomy Sassanid, Byzantine, Syrian, and in the science of Islamic astronomy in the Middle Ages, and in astronomy in Central Asia and Western Europe Use the people of Mesopotamia two tenths Steny counting system (base 60). This is the source for the current hour, consisting of 60 minutes and 24 hours a day, as well as with the circle 360 degrees. Sumerian calendar also measures the weeks of seven days each week. This mathematical knowledge was used in making maps

 The Babylonians may have known the general rules for measuring areas. They measured the circumference of a circle as three times the diameter and area as one of a dozen square ocean, which would be true if, as estimated on the MP3. Taken as an output volume of a cylinder to strike al Qaeda and length, but the size of Frustum Pyramid box or take the wrong way as a result of the high and hit half of all the rules. Also, there was a recent discovery in which the board uses the i (π or pi) value of 3 and 1 / 8 (3.125 instead of 3.14159 ~). Babylonians also known Babylonian mileage, distance measurement equal to about seven miles (11 km) today. This measurement for distances eventually was converted to a mile - and channeled the user to measure the travel of the sun and, therefore, represents the time

 Oldest Babylonian texts on medicine Taudily period of ancient Babylon in the first half of the second millennium BC. Most of the Babylonian medical writings and extensive diagnostic manual is written by a doctor Esagil - Kane - Abley of Borsippa, during the reign of the Babylonian king Adad - barrage - Adena (1069-1046 BC).
Along with medicine ancient Egypt today, the Babylonians introduced the concepts of diagnosis, expectations, medical, physical examination, and prescription. In addition, the diagnostic manual methods of treatment, treatment and aetiology and the use of the experimental method, logic and rationality in diagnosis, expectations and treatment. Text contains a list of medical symptoms and there are often detailed empirical observations along with logical rules used in the combination of symptoms Almlouhza on the body of the patient with the diagnosis and prognosis

 Symptoms and diseases of the patient were treated through therapeutic means such as bandages, Alkarimato grain. If the patient can not be cured physically, the Babylonian physicians often were dependent on exorcism to cleanse the patient from any curse. Guide to diagnosis Esagil - Kane - Abley was based on a set of logical axioms and assumptions, including the modern view that through the examination and inspection of the patient's symptoms, it is possible to determine the patient illness, its causes, its future developments, and opportunities to cure the patient

Esagil - Kane - Abley discovered a variety of ailments and diseases, and described the symptoms in the diagnostic manual. These include the symptoms for many varieties of epilepsy and related ailments in addition to diagnosis and to predict them
The people of Mesopotamia invented many techniques including metal and copper works, glass and making lamps, textiles, flood control, water storage and irrigation.
They were also one of the first peoples of the Bronze Age in the world. Early used copper, bronze and gold, and later used the iron. Palaces were decorated with hundreds of kilograms of this metal very costly. It was also the use of copper, bronze and iron armor, as well as for different weapons such as swords, daggers, spears, wands and warlike

 Older type of pumps is the Archimedes screw (mandolins), was first used by Sennacherib, king of Assyria, to water systems in the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and Nineveh in the seventeenth century BC, and later described in more detail by Archimedes in the third century BC. At a later time or during periods of Parthia Sassanid Empire, Baghdad was making a battery, which may be the first to batteries, in Mesopotamia
Religion in Mesopotamia is the first to be registered. The people of Mesopotamia believed that the world was a flat disk, surrounded by space is huge and pierced, and, above all, the Paradise, as they believe that the water was everywhere, top, bottom, on both sides, and that the universe was born from this enormous sea. In addition, the religion of Mesopotamia with the multiplicity of gods

 Although the belief described above has been in circulation among the people of Mesopotamia, there were also regional differences. The Sumerian word for that is that - in order, which refers to the god An and goddess Ki. Their son was Enlil, the god of the air. They believed that the god Enlil was the most powerful deity. Was the chief god of the gods or group Pantheon, as was the Zeus of the Greeks and the Romans was Jupiter. Sumerians also posed philosophical questions, such as: Who are we?, Where are we?, How we got here?. Tied the answers to these questions to explanations provided by their gods.

 Hundreds of graves have been excavated in parts of Mesopotamia, revealing information about burial customs in Mesopotamia. In the city of Ur, most people were buried in family graves under their houses (as is the case in Catalhuyuc), along with some of their property. A few were found wrapped in mats and carpets. Children of the deceased and placed in the "Tractor" large, which is placed in the church family. Other debris were found buried in the cemetery of the city in general. 17 tomb was found with a very valuable pieces in their minds; assumed that these were the graves of ownership

* Anu is the god of the Sumerian sky. He was married to Ki, but in some religions of Mesopotamia, the other had a wife called Uras. Although he was considered the most important deity in the pantheon (pantheon), took a negative role in the binoculars in the sagas, allowing Enlil to claim the job as the machine more powerful.
* Enlil was initially the most powerful god in Mesopotamian religion. Ninlil his wife, and children were Ahkour (sometimes), Nana - Soin, Nergal, Nisaba Namtar, Ninurta (sometimes), Babilsag, Noco, Abellolo, Uras Zababa and Ainoji. His lead in the pantheon was raped at a later time by Murdoch and then by Ashur.
* Enki (any) god of Laredo. Was the god of rain.
* Murdoch is the chief god of Babylon. When Babylon rose to power, mythology Murdoch stepped up from its original location as the god of agriculture to the chief god in the pantheon (pantheon).
* Ashur was god of the Assyrian Empire, and likewise when the Assyrians rose to power, mythology, Ashur rose to the position of importance.
* Gula or Otto (in Sumerian), Shamash (in Akkadian) is a sun god and the God of justice

 * * Ereshkigal was goddess of the underworld.
* Nabu is the god of Mesopotamia for writing. Was very wise, and praised him for his ability in writing. In some places it was thought that his control of the sky and the earth. Its importance has increased with a significant in later periods.
* Ninurta was the Sumerian god of war. He was also the god of heroes.
* Aeshkor (or Adad) is the god of storms.
* Ira often was the god of drought. Is often mentioned in conjunction with Adad and Nergal in the development of waste on the ground.
* Often Nergal was the god of plague. He was the husband Ereshkigal.
* Bozzouzo, also known as Zu, was the god of evil, who stole the plate as much as Enlil, was killed because of this. It also brought diseases that have no known cure

 * Some of the songs written for the gods but many were written to describe important events. Although the music and songs were entertaining the Kings, was also enjoyed by ordinary people who love to sing and dance in their homes or in the market. Songs were sung to children who passed them on to their children later. Thus songs were transmitted through many generations to be written by someone. These songs provided a means to scroll through the centuries, very important information about the historical events which ultimately reached the contemporary historians.
Oud is a small musical instrument, with a hamstring. Older pictorial record of the promises of return to the Uruk period in Southern Mesopotamia more than 5000 years ago. Is the cylindrical seal is currently in the British Museum and acquired by Dr. Dominique Cologne. Image depicting female ducks with the machine on a boat and play the right hand. This machine appears hundreds of times in the history of Mesopotamia and again in ancient Egypt after the Eighteenth Dynasty in the differences and varieties of long and short neck

* Is the ancestor of the lute lute Eurovision machine whose name is derived from the Arabic oud 'wood', which is probably the name of the tree that have been industry Oud them. (Name in Arabic, with a tool definition, is the source of the word 'lot'.)
Hunting was popular among Assyrian kings. Boxing wrestling show in fees in many cases, and a form of polo was probably popular, with men sitting on the shoulders of other men rather than on horses. They also played "Major", a game similar to rugby, but played with a ball made of wood. They also played a similar game for the game Alcinit the table, now known as "the game to the property - Acsplo

* Mesopotamia's history became more and more patriarchal society, where men who were much stronger than women. Thorchled Jacobsen, and others have suggested that community Mesopotamia early was governed by "the Council of Elders," which was which women and men equally represented, but with the passage of time, the status of women Hui, and increased the status of men. As for education, only atomic property and the sons of the rich and professionals such as scribes, physicians, administrators of the temple, and so on, they went to school. Most of the boys were studying the profession of their father or were Eptdwoa to learn the profession through Abbaih. The girls stay at home with their mothers to learn housekeeping and cooking, and care for younger children. Some children were helping to crush the grain, or cleaning birds. In something unusual for this time of history, women in Mesopotamia had rights. Had a right to own property, and if they have good reason, to obtain a divorce

 * Geography of Mesopotamia is such that agriculture can not be achieved only through good irrigation and drainage, which has had a profound impact on the evolution of civilization in Mesopotamia. The need for irrigation led the Sumerians and later Akkadians to build cities along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and branches of these rivers. Some major cities such as Ur and Uruk, took root on the tributaries of the Euphrates River, while others, particularly for the Gach, built on the branches of the Tigris River. Rivers and provided more of the benefits of fish (used both for food and enrichment), reeds and mud (building materials).

* With the irrigation of food supply in Mesopotamia was very rich with the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which form the north-eastern part of the Fertile Crescent, which also included the Jordan River and the River Nile. Although the Earth is closest to the rivers was fertile and good for crops, portions of the land away from the water was dry and largely uninhabitable. This is the reason that irrigation development was very important for settlers of Mesopotamia. Other innovations of Mesopotamia include water control through the use of dams and canals. Early settlers of fertile land in Mesopotamia Astkhaddmut wooden plow to soften the soil before planting crops such as barley, onions, grapes, kale and apples. Settlers in Mesopotamia were the first people Alzbn made beer and wine

 * Although the rivers ensured the continuity of life, are also destroyed as a result of frequent floods that swept through entire cities. Weather is unpredictable in many cases in Mesopotamia was difficult for farmers; devastated crops in many cases, therefore, kept a backup sources of food such as cattle and sheep. As a result of skill in the field of agriculture in Mesopotamia, not farmers depend on slavery to complete the work in the farms allocated to them, with some exceptions. There were many risks involved in the process of making slavery (flight / slave rebellion

* Geography of Mesopotamia had a profound impact on political development in the region. Of rivers and streams, the Sumerian people built the first cities along with the irrigation canals that were separated by vast areas of open desert or swamps, where nomadic tribes roamed. Communication between the cities was isolated from the difficult and sometimes dangerous. And therefore each Sumerian city became a state - city, independent from the others, and protective of its independence. In some cases, one city might try to invade and unify the region, but these efforts have been resisted and failed for several centuries. As a result, the political history of Sumer is one of almost constant affairs. Sumer eventually were consolidated by Ayanatam Eannatum, but uniformity was weak and failed to stay where Akkadians invaded Sumeria in 2331 BC. After only a generation later

Empire Akkadian Empire was the first successful stay more than a generation and see the peaceful succession of kings. Empire was relatively short, where the Babylonians Gzahm within a few generations
Believes the people of Mesopotamia that the kings and queens come from the city of the gods, but, contrary to the ancient Egyptians, they did not believe that their kings gods are real. Most kings named themselves "king of the universe" or "great king". Name Last year was a "shepherd", because it was on the kings care of their people.
The most prominent kings of Mesopotamia includes

 Ainuntam Eannatum of Lagash, who founded the first empire (short term).
Sargon of Akkad, who conquered all of Mesopotamia, and established the first empire that lived more than its founder.
Hammurabi established the first empire Adapa
Tiglath Pileser III foundations of the new Assyrian Empire.
Nebuchadnezzar the king was strongest in the new Babylonian empire. Was believed to be son of the god Nabu. Siakseris married daughter, and therefore strains Almidiagnh and Babylonian her family ties. Nebuchadnezzar's name means: Nabo, protect the crown!
Bhasr Belshedezzar was the last king of Babylon. Was the son of Nabonidus Nabonidus, who was Nictoris Nictoris his wife, the daughter of Nebuchadnezzar

 When Assyria grew into an empire, was divided into small parts, called provinces. Each of these is named after major cities, like Nineveh, Samaria, Damascus and Arpad. They had a special ruler, which was to make sure that all taxes due from him; it was to call up soldiers for the war, and the supply of workers when building the temple. He was also responsible for the laws that are being applied. In this way it was easier to keep control of the empire, such as the Assyria. Although Babylon Cannon is a small country in the Sumerian period, has grown dramatically throughout the reign of Hammurabi. Was known as the "law maker", and soon Babylon became one of the major cities of Mesopotamia. Was later called Babylonia, which means "gate of the gods." It has also become one of the largest in the history of learning

With the growth of city-states, spheres of influence overlap them, creating conflicts between city-states, especially on land and canals. These conflicts were recorded on tablets for several hundreds of years before any major war - the first record of the war took place around 3200 BC but were not prevalent until the year 2500 BC. At this point included the war in the political system of Mesopotamia, where they can work as an arbitrator for a neutral city, two cities competing. This helped in the formation of federations between cities, which led to the States of the region. When BC was established empires, they went to war with more foreign countries. King Sargon, for example conquered all the cities of Sumer, some cities in Mari, and then went to war with Syria, many of the walls of the Babylonian palaces decorated with pictures of successful battles and the enemy, whether desperately escaping, or hiding among the reeds. King in Sumer, Gilgamesh, was thought to be two-thirds god and one-third only human. There are poems and stories about legendary, and passed for many generations, because he has a lot of adventures, which they believed was very important, and won many wars and battles